final fantasy 13 crystarium guide for character. In this guide, we’ll be covering the new crystarium, the 6 character roles and paradigms. final fantasy 13 crystarium guide for character

 
 In this guide, we’ll be covering the new crystarium, the 6 character roles and paradigmsfinal fantasy 13 crystarium guide for character

How exactly does the Crystarium work in FXIII-2? I beat FXIII and it was a fairly simple concept but in FXIII-2, I can't seem to figure out how it works. fandom. I personally have Vanille work on Saboteur,. The Eorzea Database Crystarium Chandelier page. Her full name means "Vanille of the Dia clan, from the village of Oerba". This is a list of weapons in Final Fantasy XIII-2. We're back with Hope and Lightning. Full-ATB abilities (those that and use the entire ATB gauge instead of a. The rank is the sum of the character's Crystarium level and the number of level 5 roles. The game marks a significant departure from previous games, both in terms of style and in terms of gameplay mechanics. FFXIII-2 is actually not that hard that you will need to focus on any role more than another for Noel or Serah. [view · edit · purge]The word Crystarium is a portmanteau of "crystal" and the suffix -arium, taken directly from the Latin. Noel and Serah are unique due to the fact you only get one shot at maxing their stats. Ultima Arrow / Meteor Javelin. Maxed Magic: 1,900. Okay, then for the most part what do each character specialize in for roles. For Final Fantasy XIII-2 on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Crystarium Guide" - Page 15. The Cie'th Stone is located in Vallis Media very close to the exit to the Archylte Steppe. While you should always give him a Scarf and begin with him as a Synergist, the other accessory slots should be based on your intended role for the man. Crystarium Expansion 3 - Optimum Point Allocation. Basically, each character is assigned a Crystarium where you determine which stats & bonuses each character gains with each level. 0 kudos. The final achievement to include here involves the last boss and a 5 star rating. Guide and Walkthrough (PC) by bover_87 Version: 1. Sentinel. Except there still aren't levels so for example you wont get 'Lightning'- lv. Here are some of the basic step-by-step guide to character advancement through the Crystarium. This especially applies to the items of interest table and the various crystariums. Some points to keep in mind: 1. The Crystarium is the leveling system in Final Fantasy XIII-2. Gear Claws. 1) You are not holding the analog stick in the proper direction to continue progression. That's 21. It will use Accursed Breath to Curse you, then spam its physicals and Lightning AoE. The Crystarium has been expanded to Stage 2 now, meaning that you can further power-up your characters. Other. Final Fantasy XIII/Dismantle. Comprehensive Coliseum battle. At 0 HP, a party member is knocked out. This location is very useful if you would like to level up your party on the earliest part of this game because you can do this on chapter 7. NFL. Snow – Commando Crystarium. Readme View as plain text. Kedj_own1. Previous. To earn CP you must kill enemies. Koolaid1986 - 5 years ago - report. Due to Hope's low HP, make sure there is a good Sentinel on your team to protect him in dire situations. You can not, however, modify the geometry of the Crystarium. The Mark, meanwhile, is all the way on the opposite end of Gran Pulse, in the Paddraean Archaeopolis. Character Fang. They are usually gained from battles. Durability 80. The Piggyback (and thus this) guide focuses on choosing these 197 nodes in a way that maximizes Serah's Magic and Noel's Strength, building on the natural growth each of these characters exhibits. Sazh is a friendly, cheerful man who is never without his curious companions—a chocobo chick and a pair of pistols. If you mean the original FFXIII, you should focus on the characters main roles. Final Fantasy XI Jobs. Final Fantasy XIII uses a "Datalog" system, which records entries as you play through the game, which can be missed by not triggering certain scenes, or, in the case. The actual animation doesn't change, only the distance travelled with each step. First you need to select a Paradigm Role. This mod features large edits to the crystarium for every character and role. The Crystarium is a character’s growth chart, with which you can buy various upgrade nodes: Ability node teaches character a new ability. You don't have to specify the equipment you choose to use, just vote as if you had to keep one set in mind. (Fire and Thunder abilities) And here are some other good choices, though are not as "game changing" as the two above: Saboteur and/or Synergist for Lightning to help with damage multiplication. Stage 4: SAB. Final Fantasy XIII-2. Focus it for one character, for example for Lightning focus on Commando and for Sahz Ravanger. The entire game until chapter 11 is meant to prepare you for what comes next. You should also equip your party to guard against Lightning. (Note: All of Fang's Primary Roles (but not Secondary Roles) are free to upgrade (i. Crystarium Redone - Final Fantasy XIII. A Place to Call Home - And discuss all things Final Fantasy. Be sure to have your Saboteur trained into their tier 3 weapon, and have Hermes Sandals. The Main Quest in Final Fantasy XIII-2 follows Serah and Noel on their search to find. All characters learn Libra at Crystarium Level 1 at the beginning of the game and it costs 1 Technique Point, which will be replenished after a battle if you get a 5-star rating. It was released in December 2009 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and has since been re-released on Microsoft. The Paradigm System for Final Fantasy XIII allows a player to configure their characters to behave in one of a variety of roles. There are several types of accessories in Final Fantasy XIII. Snow Villers, a major character from Final Fantasy XIII, shows up when you travel to the Sunleth Waterscape 300 AF . In the past games the skill tree is obtainable without having to beat the story. If the party leader's HP is 0, the control will switch to the other party leader, e. Check stats of the selected monster (in battle). 2. Overview The main cast. For Final Fantasy XIII-2 on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Crystarium Guide" - Page 2. Snow – Commando Crystarium. 2. So i understand that part of it and can follow the guide exactly, however if you run a ravagaer through small nodes they also sometimes get +1 magic so I don't get why if "optimising" for magic the choice is to take +1 strength on every small node (by using. Abilities can be changed and even abilities not normally available to a character can be added. FF13 uses the Crystarium System for character progression. updated Oct 20, 2016. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, Guide and Walkthrough by Lost_Nemo10. However you should get each character's special attack during stage 9. Please note, this guide is mainly focused on the stretch of the game beginning with the end of Chapter 9 and up through most of the Missions. A good understanding of the basic gameplay systems is necessary to get the most out of your party and allow you to continue advancing through progressively harder enemies. Final Fantasy XIII tagline. Final Fantasy XIII/Weapons. Apart from those little stat bonuses, you cannot miss anything in the crystarium. 2. Previous: Sazh's Crystarium. Final Fantasy XIII. Fang – Saboteur Crystarium. I see the crystarium is different than in FFXiii. They provide an array of stat buffs or protection against status effects. This means bringing the role to level 5 and purchasing all abilities. For instance, if the enemy is found in chapters four and five, there will be links to both chapters. Witnessed the dawn of a new crystal legend. Note that only one Mission can be active at any. The following is a list of stats in Final Fantasy XIII-2. Hope Estheim is a playable character in Final Fantasy XIII, who also appears in a vital supporting role in Final Fantasy XIII-2 and Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, Guide and Walkthrough by Lost_Nemo10. It joins the party under the name of Pulse Knight. ) Choose Your Role. Ultimately, this was scrapped as there had been both a trailer and concept art linking Lightning to this role. Xan Hisam – The battle mechanics and the character growth/development system in Final Fantasy XIII-2 work much like they did in its predecessor, with minor tweaks and new features added almost. re: Crystarium - Optimal Leveling Guide. Post-ending game is pretty much the "full version" of Chapter 11 with the additional help provided by Stage 10 Crystarium. In the field, open the map. Roles form the basis of Final Fantasy XIII's battle system. but as far as the crystarium goes, it's pretty much the same as the crystarium for noel and serah. Total CP. SYN: +6 HP if an even level is used, +2 Magic if an odd level is used. Like what I said in the titles , here are places u can earn lots of CP & gils with minimum time: + Chapter 7 : Hope's home - This is where you get ambushed by the PSICOMs. – Obtain all abilities and role level 5 in the Crystarium for Ravager on any character. Something in the neighborhood of 2k per orb. Log in to add games to your lists. Only the bonuses depend on the Role being levelled. Snow 's job is to stand there and take punishment. 10. In this guide I have put together all of the Crystarium Points and sectioned them off by stages 1-10. Character Snow. Throughout the first half of the game, each character will only have. Xan Hisam – The battle mechanics and the character growth/development system in Final Fantasy XIII-2 work much like they did in its predecessor, with minor tweaks and new features added almost everywhere. Let's quickly go over how to read this section. For a question like this better to use a guide. Obtaining Crystarium Points is very important in Final Fantasy XIII-2 as it will help you increase the role level of the characters in your party. The most prominent changes are as follows: 1: Basic abilities from the start?Basic abilities for every role is offered at the start as soon as the role is made available on the crystarium. Final Fantasy XIII-2; Crystarium Development. Manual. cost 0 CP) through the end of Stage 4. The most prominent changes are as follows: Basic abilities for every role is offered at the start as soon as the role is made available on the crystarium. Final Fantasy XIII-2. There are 5 role levels per PC/role pair. Lightning, born Claire Farron, is the main protagonist of Final Fantasy XIII and the central character of the Lightning Saga. All se. this monster basically has the same stat growth rate through out its graph so if you wanted it with decent strength and hp use potent or you can get it to 1112strength but offset the hp a little bit with power items. FF XIII Crystarium Editor. Hope Estheim has the lowest HP and second lowest base strength, however his base magic is the highest of the group. 4 posts,. so, for example, take the tonberry. This is a general priority list based on each character's best roles. Lightning – Sentinel Crystarium. He is quick to banter, but also keeps a mature perspective on matters. Copy Name to Clipboard. She has balanced stats for the most part, providing her. After an easy battle against a pack of Pantheron, you will resume the game with Vanille and. Crystarium System and Character Leveling. . @elwoodan: The game isn't that challenging, but following a guide for the crystarium can make your life much easier, especially if you're gonna tackle some of the optional baddies (and 5-star them). For Final Fantasy XIII on the PlayStation 3, 100% Walkthrough by jduecker0609. The role and Crystarium levels are separate. and max out noels sentinel or commando. Both Noel and Serah have six roles to choose. Role. Piggyback did an incredible job of of laying out a Crystarium progression that optimizes Serah's stat gains for Magic and Noel's stat gains for Strength, as well as. They are listed by characters, and each character has their individual "style" listed with them, each with their respective upgrades and points required. Effect (4 and 5 Items only): Vampiric Strike. Sentinel Abilities. 9. This mod features large edits to the crystarium for every character and role. A detailed breakdown of Snow's Ravager crystarium in Final Fantasy XIII (FF13, FFXIII, PlayStation 3, PS3, Xbox 360) Final Fantasy . 29 Game FFXIII. If they were weak before, they're a joke now, so mow them down. BOOKMARK. Instrument of Tragedy: Complete Chapter 3. Next, set up your paradigm deck to. This section provides information about each character's Crystarium. In Final Fantasy XIII, character progression is based around accumulating Crystogen Points from battles and spending them in the. you have access to reach role 4 for all roles. She wields a double-bladed spear, making her akin to a Dragoon, a recurring job from the Final Fantasy series, as her signature attack is a jump-attack thar refers to. == Introduction = [Intro] == This guide is intended to take the data published by Piggyback in the official Final Fantasy XIII-2 guide and present it in a more palatable format. For more information on monster development, see Paradigm Pack. They will respawn frequently so just go around the house & kill them. Not only will this Final Fantasy XIII levelling guide focus on the linear Crystarium (a kind of Sphere Grid equivalent), but it will also discuss the different ways in which your characters are improved and levelled throughout the thirteen chapter long game. Crystarium may refer to: The system from Final Fantasy XIII and Final Fantasy XIII-2. Having held all weapons and accessories the player earns the Treasure Hunter achievement/trophy. Need help on some of the basics on Final Fantasy XIII? Don't quite understand the leveling systems. Head up to the street level now and head all the way south to get the last treasure with Platinum Casino Ticket x2. e. Next: Hope's Crystarium. They are fixed. This Cie'th Stone is a bit difficult to find; it's in the northwestern section of the Eastern Tors. So for those 5-star fights, you might drop down your max stat a bit, maybe try to even out. 2. Home; Boards;. only you have to use items to level up. How to obtain every collectible in the game. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, Guide and Walkthrough by Lost_Nemo10. Character Fang. Ability Points, often shortened to AP or ABP, but also called Action Points, Magic AP, Magic Points, License Points, Crystogen Points and Job Points, are a system created by Hiroyuki Ito and used to learn abilities. The guide will also have notifications for gil and shroud farming opportunities as well as difficult fights and all boss fights (past gaining crystarium). There are several ways to get a good amount of CP such as collecting fragments or simply battling monsters. Sentinels are the tanks of your party. 1 post, 4/22 9:41AM. I don't know if this board is still alive but might as well try, so the thing is i'm leveling serah's crystarium and at stage 11, using Crystarium Progression Guide by penguinicus. Ravagers wield powerful magic spells, dealing damage of fire, ice, lightning, water and other elemental affinities. Return the camera to the default position behind the party leader. For controls while using an Eidolon, see Eidolons. Final Fantasy XIII (ファイナルファンタジーXIII, Fainaru Fuantaji?) is a console role-playing game by Square Enix for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 released in Japan on December 17, 2009 and in the US and Europe on March 9, 2010. An Excel workbook that allows you to modify the Crystariums for the six main characters. Paradigms &. Synthesis Groups activate a special effect when two or more Items (Weapons and/or Accessories) from the same group are equipped; equipping more from that group will increase the effect. The bestestesses weapons in the game is Arcus Chronic for Serah and In Paradisum for Noel. 1. This section provides information about each character's Crystarium. Therefore, I thought I'd provide a bit of general advice for you all, starting with Lightning. You can change the value of the strength, magic or HP nodes, swap abilities, convert nodes from one type into another, adjust the CP cost or even give new abilities. ". I apologize if you've seen a Crystarium post a dozen or more times, but I can't quite come across a good enough post for my current situation. A listing of the characters that join your party in Final Fantasy XIII (FF13, FFXIII, PlayStation 3, PS3, Xbox 360). For Final Fantasy XIII on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "FFXIII Total Crystarium Points (CP) needed per Role/Stage". Final Fantasy XIII/Crystarium. Snow serves as a monk-based character in gameplay, using his large physique and powerful punches to deal damage. g. For Final Fantasy XIII-2 on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Crystarium Guide" - Page 13. Final Fantasy XIII is, as the name suggests, the thirteenth major entry in Square-Enix's famed Final Fantasy franchise. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Crystarium". For Final Fantasy XIII on the PC, Guide and Walkthrough by bover_87. Misions #21-26 are completed during the course of the main plot, while #27-34 are the intermediate-level Missions, suitable for someone near the end of Chapter 11. The map (s) where you can encounter this enemy. The arium suffix denotes both a place associated with a specific. . 0 | Updated: 11/04/2019 FAQ of the Month Winner: November 2019 | Highest Rated Guide Previous: Crystarium - SazhFor Final Fantasy XIII: Lightning Ultimate Box on the PlayStation 3, Guide and Walkthrough by bover_87. LV is the unit's current level in the Crystarium. These creatures have a lot of HP, but also give up some of the best rewards in the game. Walkthrough. I've had no issues with the original Crystarium in XIII. How to obtain every collectible in the game. The final fantasy of XIII-2 | Editing by Crystarium Sulphur. Final Fantasy XIII/Walkthrough. For example, each character will get Fire, Blizzard, Thunder, etc. Roles in Final Fantasy XIII are akin to Jobs from other FF titles. Asmodaios344 - 5 years ago -. It can be difficult to actually use him as a Commando much earlier in the game, since he's so effective as. Each Monster/Character has a total of five (5). Accessories in Final Fantasy XIII are items that are able to be equipped by each character. Stage 2: Unlock SAB Role. Crystarium Points = 44; Gil = 48; Feral Link. Understanding Roles. Since the game forces Crystarium choices and party leaders on you until the end of Chapter 9, most of the guide's early game advice will simply focus on getting through tougher battles. . 1 Offense. Safe to Skip. 4- Player's Choice. If you'll notice, when you are on a large orb that isn't a skill you'll get an additional bonus depending on what role you level at that point. Academia 400AF near the boss area gives 300-600 CP per fight, they die easily too. What is the Crystarium in FF13-2? The Crystarium in FF13-2 is essentially the way you build your character’s Classes, Gain Stats, and Learn Abilities. Boost Strength and Magic when HP is high. Please note, this guide is mainly focused on the stretch of the game beginning with the end of Chapter 9 and up through most of the Missions. The following is a list of characters from Final Fantasy XIII. This section describes the various Synthesis Groups in Final Fantasy XIII. Final Fantasy XIII; Final Fantasy (NES). The Crystarium is unlocked in Chapter 3, and this is where your charecters. For starters, each character in FFX has access to the exact same grid. Primers: Battle Ravager is a paradigm role in Final Fantasy XIII whose main function is to build the foe's chain gauge to boost damage. It counts the total Strength/Magic from crystarium, weapon, and accessories. ) When configured properly, the player controls the actions of the lead character, while at. ago. Final Fantasy 13-2: 6 Beginner Tips. 103KB. Crystarium Redone - Final Fantasy XIII. For Final Fantasy XIII-2 on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "What about a "balanced" crystarium build. While he has the same Ability list as Fang, Snow is a bit better as a Sentinel because of his high HP total and access to Weapons with the Improved Guard and. For example, each character will get Fire, Blizzard, Thunder, etc. Each character has access to a variety of weapons in Final Fantasy XIII, and each of. . Use your Librascopes for more difficult bosses, as it comes in very handy against those. Instantly slay target with low HP. This Farming Guide goes in co-ordination with the Final Fantasy XIII ~ Trophy Guide and Roadmap. KratosKun 11 years ago #1. 29 Wind Resistance. Crystarium Index. For Final Fantasy XIII-2 on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Crystarium Guide" - Page 10. ) Follow the Path. Accessories: Cherub's Crown/Seraphic Crown, Zealot's Amulet/Battle Talisman. Get the most out of your characters in FFXIII. When the Crystarium is maxed, each character is Level 5 in all roles, so role level bonuses are not an issue for comparison. It took me about 7 hours of grinding to max out my level 10 Crystarium from a Maxed out Level 9 Crystarium. Unique Character. Each character has their own skill that they can only use when their in the role that they unlocked the skill in. Attack 0 CP. 05 . Character: Best. If leveling from an even level to an odd level: +2 Magic. This guide will provide you with in-depth information on how to best utilize each character. Select a role. member. Estheim Residence. I fought the Mission 24 mark over and over again for 12,000 CP every minute, or about 720,000 CP an hour. Complete Chapter 11. Characters grow via a revamped Crystarium system, and they have levels unlike the previous game, gained by moving through the Crystarium. Throughout the first half of the game, each character will only have. HD videos of key battles and how to beat every boss. The Crystarium is used to develop characters and teach them new abilities. This is a general priority list based on each character's best roles. This guide aims to show the best methods and locations for farming Gil, CP and catalysts. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Single Character Crystarium Challenge (Spoilers)". Max lvl = 70. Since you need a 500 multiplier value total, it would require thirty-six 80 Gil components (500÷14) or twenty-four 150 Gil components (500÷21). Also covered is how to build your parties and some farming tips for Gil, components, and CP. Video footage on how to train your characters. Role Level 5. . Use the Crystarium for both (Lightning should focus on Commando and Ravager about evenly, while Hope focuses on Ravager and Medic). ) Choose Your Role In the Crystarium, each role has its own. 27 Ultimate Physic. When a character hits level 30, they can level up to 14 other advanced jobs which aren’t class-specific. Costs 24 items to complete 2nd stage of the crystarium, 32 for 3rd, 63, 52 to finish 5th and final stage. The final achievement to include here involves the last boss and a 5 star rating. #2. Sidequests/Mini-Games. Role Levels are one of the most important nodes on the Crystarium. View mod page View image galleryThey are listed by characters, and each character has their individual "style" listed with them, each with their respective upgrades and points required. Final Fantasy XIII; Final Fantasy (NES) Final Fantasy (PlayStation). updated Feb 14, 2012. but for. ATB. The way to raise a chain gauge is by attacking with Ravagers, however the gauge will fall incredibly quickly after the hit, making it nearly impossible to fill it up. For Final Fantasy XIII on the PlayStation 3, a GameFAQs message board topic titled "Maxed Crystarium: Best overall Team". » Final Fantasy XIII-2. 2. Those beginning with numbers are Cie'th Stone Missions; other sidequests are listed simply with their names. Head out of the building and around the back to get to the upper level and a Tile Trail puzzle. Some Characters are great as: Vanile = Sab she has best spell that can insta kill mob. However the upgrading you should be doing is only for the characters main roles only. It feels like an upgraded sphere grid with cooler graphics. Final Fantasy XIII is a role-playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles and later for Windows (in 2014). Lightning is an interesting , relying on the Ability rather than or . The most prominent changes are as follows: Basic abilities for every role is offered at the start as soon as the role is made available on the crystarium. So basically there's tons of grinding and sidequests to do if you elect to do so. . 103KB. 2012-02-09 - 1. . Do you enjoy playing Final Fantasy XIII, but. Sazh is my favorite character in 13. Character Unique Abilities at Stage 9. This has helped make FFXIII probably the most controversial game in the franchise to date. In Final Fantasy XIII, Hope and his mother are caught up in the Purge as victims of circumstance with Vanille in tow, becoming involved in an. For example, each character will get Fire, Blizzard, Thunder, etc. In this guide I have put together all of the Crystarium Points and sectioned them off by stages 1-10. The game takes place five hundred years after the events of Final Fantasy. The location from Final Fantasy Type-0. The Altocrystarium is a system in Final Fantasy Type-0 used to increase the level of magic abilities by spending phantoma. Synergist: Bravery, Faith, Haste. After activating all Crystarium nodes for all roles for each character, the player receives the Master's Seal achievement. com Every time you reach another role level in the Crystarium, that character gets a boost for that role. The Paradigm System for Final Fantasy XIII allows a player to configure their characters to behave in one of a variety of roles. Instead you gain points to upgrade your classes. Accessories can provide protection, increased lethality or a number of special functions. be-all guide to choosing a weapon for each character, but from my own experience and reading, these seem to me to be the best choices. Lightning – Sentinel Crystarium. Due to Hope's low HP, make sure there is a good Sentinel on your team to protect him in dire situations. The system is akin to past Final Fantasy job systems, however, each role resembles a mix of jobs. Crystarium - Optimal Leveling Guide:. Of course you could choose such as making Sahz a Sabotuer instead of a Ravanger, its all up to you. Snow's Weapon Selection. Stage 1: ATB +1. Instrument of Change. 1. CP Used. No. FC: 0834-1944-1295 /// TSV: 2482 (X) 3989 (Y) 1612 (OR). In this guide, we’ll be covering the new crystarium, the 6 character roles and paradigms. Advertisement Coins. . In the Crystarium, each role has its own path of development. All Eidolon Battles. Behavior can be customized to match a player's personal style (mostly fighting, mostly magic, aggressive, conservative, etc. Dark Matter: Shaolong Gui (5% rare drop → 25% with 5 stars) Prerequisite: Complete Missions 56 to 62. And surprisingly, all characters are quite competent in roles that are not among their natural three, sometimes rivaling or even surpassing the natural characters, in either quantity and/or quality of known techniques. Thirteenth in line of major releases in the franchise, Final Fantasy 13 is a game marred by a few large flaws. After checking my guide and poking around a bit, I think I’ve managed to make sense of it. 60000. Mods . The game was initially intended to be a PS3 exclusive, but at E3 2008, Microsoft officially announced that Final Fantasy XIII was indeed coming to the Xbox 360 as well. The location for each Elixir is: 1. The following is a list of characters from Final Fantasy XIII. Specifically best roles considering end-stats and how many skills is unlocked. Collections . A detailed guide on the optimum Crystarium paths for all characters as well as optional uses for them. For Final Fantasy XIII on the Xbox 360, Guide and Walkthrough by Lost_Nemo10. Piggyback Guide Final Fantasy XIII-2 PlayStation 3 . It is regularly being updated with new content or features. Then equip Genji Glove and immediately summon. The Crystarium is a city in Norvrandt . Dismantle a Doctor's Code; obtained from Anima in Chapter 2.